Figures
Figure 2-1. Steps in the production of a textile composite structure . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Figure 2-2. Some of the textile forms available for high performance
composite structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Figure 2-3. Maypole braider for production of 2D bias braid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Figure 2-4. Two-step braiding process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Figure 2-5. Four-step braiding process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Figure 2-6. Multi-axial warp knit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Figure 2-7. Types of stitching used for through-thickness reinforcement . . . . . . 2-11
Figure 2-8. Resin infusion techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Figure 2-9. Techniques for using thermoplastics in textiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Figure 2.10. Commonly used 2D weave patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Figure 2-11. Angles of the diagonal patterns formed by exchange locations. . . . . 2-18
Figure 2-12. Triaxial weave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Figure 2-13. Some common 2D braid patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Figure 2-14. Three-dimensional weave patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Figure 2-15. 3D orthogonal composite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Figure 2-16. A unit cell for a plain weave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Figure 2-17. 3D unit cell for 1x1, 4-step braid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Figure 2-18. Inner yarn angle of inclination versus cycle length for 1x1,
4-step braid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Figure 2-19. (a) Yarn volume fraction versus (a) inner yarn angle of
inclination and (b) normalized cycle length for 1x1, 4-step
braid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Figure 2-20. Ratio of outer (surface) yarns to inner yarns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Figure 2-21. Waviness in nominally straight axial tows in a triaxial braid . . . . . . 2-30
Figure 2-22. Waviness induced in warp weavers in a 3D interlock weave by
compression during processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
Figure 2-23. Tracings of yarn cross-sections in a 3D braided composite. . . . . . . . 2-31
